Difference between revisions of "NAT Cisco IOS"

Revision as of 18:33, 7 March 2009

The information in this article is targeted to Cisco CCNA and CCNP curriculum, and not meant as in-depth information on all IOS

Network Address Translantion

For an explanation of NAT see Wikipedias Network address translation

Static NAT

In static NAT The Internal IP address is always translated to the same External IP address, on a one-to-one basis.

Example of static NAT

In the example below, a company has acquired an Internet connection with four additional addresses 195.181.54.0/29.

• Connection Link address to internet 83.90.42.0/30
  • ISP uses 83.90.42.2/30
  • Company Router 83.90.42.1/30
• The network 195.181.54.0/29 is routed to 83.90.42.1 by the ISP
• 195.181.54.1/29 is a real IP address the company wants to use to their WEB-server
  • The companys WEB-server is located on the internal private network on local IP Address 192.168.22.110
• 195.181.54.2/29 is a real IP address the company wants to use to their MAIL-server
  • The companys MAIL-server is located on the internal private network on local IP Address 192.168.22.111

Cisco Static NAT example

ip nat inside source static 192.168.22.110 195.181.54.1
ip nat inside source static 192.168.22.111 195.181.54.2
!
interface fastethernet 0/0
 description Connected to ISP (Outside)
 ip address 83.90.42.1 255.255.255.252
 ip nat outside
!
interface fastethernet 0/1
 description Local private LAN (Inside)
 ip address 192.168.22.1 255.255.255.0
 ip nat inside

Dynamic NAT

Dynamic nat translates internal addresses to a random pool of outside addresses.

Dymanic NAT example

Internal addresses 192.168.1.9 to 192.168.1.14 are nat'ed to outside 195.181.54.1 to 195.181.54.6 dynamically, not knowing which inside address are nat'ed to which outside address.

ip nat pool DYNAMIC-IP-POOL 195.181.54.1 195.181.54.6 netmask 255.255.255.248
!
access-list 54 permit 192.168.1.8 255.255.255.248
!
ip nat inside source list 54 pool DYNAMIC-IP-POOL
!
interface FastEthernet 0/0
 description Inside private network
 ip address 192.168.1.1
 ip nat inside
!
interface FastEthernet 0/1
 description Outside Connection to internet
 ip address dhcp
 ip nat outside

Overloading

Overloading is often used, when you have a private internal LAN for example 192.168.1.0/24 and connect to the Internet through as ISP that lend you a Pulic IP address, through DHCP like a small SOHO router.

Overloading example 1: Connection with fixed WAN IP Address

• Internal private network: 192.168.1.0/24
• Fixed WAN IP address: 83.90.1.30/30

interface FastEthernet0/0
 description Inside. Internal LAN
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
 ip nat inside
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
  description Outside: Internet connection to ISP
 ip address 83.90.1.30 255.255.255.252
 ip nat outside
!
ip nat inside source list 38 interface FastEthernet0/1 overload
!
access-list 38 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255

Overloading example 2: Connection with floating WAN IP Address (DHCP)

• Internal private network: 192.168.1.0/24
• WAN Address: DHCP

interface FastEthernet0/0
 description Inside. Internal LAN
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
 ip nat inside
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
  description Outside: Internet connection to ISP
 ip address dhcp
 ip nat outside
!
ip nat inside source list 38 interface FastEthernet0/1 overload
!
access-list 38 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255

Telneting or SSH'ing to the NAT outside interface

If you want to telnet or ssh to a routers outside interface.

interface FastEthernet 0/1
 ip address 83.90.47.30 255.255.255.252
 ip nat outside
!
ip nat inside source static tcp 83.90.47.30 22 interface FastEthernet0/1 22
ip nat inside source static tcp 83.90.47.30 23 interface FastEthernet0/1 23

If you have a floating IP Address on the outside interface, you can use a loopback IP address to connect to

interface loopback 0
 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.255
!
interface FastEthernet 0/1
 ip address dhcp
 ip nat outside
!
ip nat inside source static tcp 10.10.10.1 22 interface FastEthernet0/1 22
ip nat inside source static tcp 10.10.10.1 23 interface FastEthernet0/1 23

Overloading example 3: Cisco Router as a SOHO Router

• Internal private network: 192.168.1.0/24 connected to fastethernet 0/0
• WAN Address: DHCP client connected to fastethernet 0/1

Principle of SOHO Router

NAT, PAT (overloading) and DHCP configuration

ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.1 192.168.100.99
ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.200 192.168.100.255
!
ip dhcp pool INTERNAL-NET
   network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
   domain-name jenshansen.dk
   default-router 192.168.1.1
   import all
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
 description Inside. Internal LAN
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
 ip nat inside
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
 description Outside: Internet connection to ISP
 ip address dhcp
 ip nat outside
!
ip nat inside source list 1 interface FastEthernet0/1 overload
!
access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Having a WEB-server on the inside network

If you want a WEB server on the internal network 192.168.1.88 to be accessed from the outside, you could issue the following nat rule.

ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.88 80 interface FastEthernet0/1 80

Overlapping

Server load distribution - Load balancing between servers

You can load use nat pools to load balance between multiple IP addresses. Just remember a nat pool must be contiguous IP addresses.

Load balancing example

Load balancing between six WEB-servers to distribute the load among them.
In the real World www.tekkom.dk would for example resolve to IP Address 195.181.54.1 to which all users would connect.
In the figure below you see the company has six equal WEB-servers with the same content.

Load balance heavy user access to WEB-site between six WEB-servers

To load balance between several servers, you need to define a virtual IP address to which the users connect.

access-list 37 permit 195.181.54.1

See the full configuration below

ip nat pool WEB-SERVERS 192.168.22.9 192.168.22.14 netmask 255.255.255.0 type rotary
ip nat inside destination list 37 pool WEB-SERVERS
!
interface fastethernet 0/0
 description Connected to ISP (Outside)
 ip address 83.90.42.1 255.255.255.252
 ip nat outside
!
interface fastethernet 0/1
 description Local private LAN (Inside)
 ip address 192.168.22.1 255.255.255.0
 ip nat inside
!
access-list 37 permit 195.181.54.1