Revision as of 09:40, 17 August 2010

Intermediate-System to Intermediate-System

IS-IS is a link state Routing protocol which are also used in IP network. Here it is called integrated IS-IS. IS-IS is often used by providers as an IGP.

Level 1 Routing

A level 1 Router only knows about the area in which it is located. Like a stub Router in OSPF. It has no knowledge of other areas. A level 1 Router only knows a default Route to the nearest level 2 Router if Routing between areas is necessary. Every Level 1 Router in that area has the same link State Database containing information about that area.
Level 1 Routers are referred to as Intra-area Routers

Level 2 Routing

A Level 2 Router routes between areas and are referred to as Backbone Routers. The backbone must be contiguous because all Level 2 Routers share the same Link-State Database which contain prefixes from all areas. If the backbone is fractured Routing information will not be the same on all Level 2 Routers.
Level 2 Routers are referred to as Inter-area Routers

Level 1-2 Routers

The Level 1-2 Router has both the Level 1 Link-state database containing information about the area in which it participates and Level 2 Link-state database containing information about all areas.

Areas and backbone Routers example

A contiguous IS-IS Backbone example

Point-to-point link Adjacencies

If a Point-to-Point link connects two Routers the Routers are neighbors and each side send a CSNP - Complete Sequence Number Packet - which is a packets containing the Link State database to each other.

Broadcast links Adjacencies

On broadcast link medias, for example Ethernet, all Routers receive receive LSP - link State packets - from one router the DIS - Designated Intermediate system. The DIS Router has the responsibility to flood LSP's to all connected IS-IS Routers on behalf of the pseudonode.

Pseudonode

The pseudonode is a virtual Router that represents the LAN. All IS-IS Routers participating on the LAN simulate an interface on the imaginary Router. This imaginary Router is called the pseudonode. The pseudonode floods LSP's to all participating Routers. In the real world it is the DIS who sends LSP packets. The DIS is elected from the priority on the interface which defaults to 64. If all priorities are the same the DIS is elected as having the highest SNPA (Data-link address)

Configuration

Example

interface Loopback0
 ip address 192.168.100.12 255.255.255.255
 ip router isis
!
interface fastethernet 0/0
 ip address 83.90.2.3 255.255.255.0
 ip router isis
! 
router isis
 net 49.0000.1921.6810.0012.00
 is-type level-2-only
 metric-style wide

ISIS and default-information

ISIS level 2 default announce 0.0.0.0 regardless of the network appears in the Routing table. To avoid this use a Route-map

interface FastEthernet0/1
 description internet access
 ip address dhcp
 ip nat outside
!
router isis
 mpls traffic-eng router-id Loopback0
 mpls traffic-eng level-2
 net 49.0000.0101.3300.3333.00
 is-type level-2-only
 metric-style wide
 default-information originate route-map Internet
!
access-list 10 permit any
!
route-map Internet permit 10
 match ip address 10

How Route Summarization Can Enhance Scalability in IS-IS Networks

Summarization is a key factor that affects the scalability of a routing protocol. Summarization reduces the number of routing updates that are flooded across areas or routing domains. Especially for multi-area IS-IS, a good addressing scheme can optimize summarization by not allowing an overly large Level 2 database that is unnecessarily populated with updates that have come from Level 1 areas.

A router can summarize prefixes on redistribution whether the prefixes have come from internal prefixes, local redistribution, or Level 1 router redistribution. Routes that have been leaked from Level 2 to Level 1 and routes that are advertised into Level 2 from Level 1 can also be summarized.

Router(config-router)#<input>summary-address 1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ?</input>
  level-1    Summarize into level-1 area
  level-1-2  Summarize into both area and sub-domain
  level-2    Summarize into level-2 sub-domain
  <cr>

Links

• Reducing Alternate-Path Calculation Times in IS-IS Networks