Revision as of 10:36, 17 December 2022

Use of fork

fork() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The new process is referred to as the child process. The calling process is referred to as the parent process.

PID - Process ID - the ID of a running process
PPID - Parent Process ID - default the ID of the process that created this process or 1 if the parent died.

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <sys/types.h>
 3 #include <unistd.h>
 4 
 5 
 6 int main(void) {
 7         printf("I am parent - my PPID is %d and my PID is %d\n", getppid(), getpid() );
 8 
 9         if (fork() == 0) {
10                 printf("I am child  - my PPID is %d and my PID is %d\n", getppid(), getpid() );
11                 printf("Child  dying\n");
12                 return(0);
13         }
14         printf("parent dying\n");
15         return(0);
16 }

Example of creating a daemon in Linux

Example of creating a daemon in Linux: (See systemd debian for systemd daemons)

setsid() - damon will be the session leader. Sets Session ID (SID) and Group ID (GID) to Process ID (PID)
Reopening stdin, stdout and stderr to /dev/null detaches the process from the controlling terminal and Parent PID is set to 1 (init or systemd - depending on Linux version/distribution)

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <unistd.h>
 3 #include <stdlib.h>
 4 #include <syslog.h>
 5 void  daemon_create(void);
 6 
 7 int main(void) {
 8         printf("Starting my_daemon\n");
 9         openlog("my_daemon", LOG_INFO, LOG_DAEMON);
10         daemon_create();
11         for (int i=0; i < 100; i++) {
12                 syslog(LOG_INFO,"Countet to %d", i);
13                 sleep(2);
14         }
15         return(0);
16 }
17 
18 void  daemon_create(void) {
19     pid_t pid;
20 
21     pid = fork();
22     if(pid < 0){
23         syslog(LOG_ERR, "Error in fork: %m");
24         exit(1);
25     }
26     if(pid > 0) {
27         syslog(LOG_INFO, "Parent dying");
28         exit(0); // Parent die
29     }
30     if(setsid() < 0){ // Make child session leader
31         syslog(LOG_ERR, "Error in setsid: %m");
32         exit(2);
33         }
34         if (freopen("/dev/null", "r", stdin) == NULL
35         || freopen("/dev/null", "w", stdout) == NULL
36         || freopen("/dev/null", "w", stderr) == NULL ) {
37                 syslog(LOG_ERR, "When creating daemon freopen from STDIN/OUT/ERR failed: %m");
38                 exit(3);
39    }
40 }

Checking the daemon

Daemon detached from TTY - PPID is 1
Session and session group leader - SID and PGID same as PID

$ ps xo uname,pid,ppid,pgid,sid,tty,comm | grep -P '(my_daemon|COMMAND)'
USER         PID    PPID    PGID     SID TTY       COMMAND
heth      778254       1  778254  778254 ?        my_daemon
$ tail -f /var/log/sysg
Dec 20 12:37:59 emb3 my_daemon: Countet to 2
Dec 20 12:38:01 emb3 my_daemon: Countet to 3
Dec 20 12:38:03 emb3 my_daemon: Countet to 4
Dec 20 12:38:05 emb3 my_daemon: Countet to 5
...

Example of creating several processes

See same example in bash

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <sys/types.h>
 3 #include <unistd.h>
 4 #include <wait.h>
 5 
 6 void childprocess(char *name, int count_to) {
 7         int counter = 0;
 8 
 9         printf("My name is %s and my PID is %d\n", name, getpid());
10 
11         while (counter < count_to) {
12                 sleep(1);
13                 counter = counter +1;
14                 printf("%s counted to %i\n", name, counter);
15         }
16         printf("%s signing off\n", name);
17 }
18 
19 
20 int main(void) {
21         int wstatus; // Used by c wait function
22 
23         printf("I am the main function and my PID is %i\n", getpid());
24 
25         if (fork() == 0) { // fork returns 0 for child
26                 childprocess("Hans", 5);
27                 return(0);      // Child process finished
28         }
29 
30         if (fork() == 0) {
31                 childprocess("Ulla", 3);
32                 return(0);
33         }
34 
35         while(wait(&wstatus) > 0);
36         printf("Main signing off\n");
37         return(0);
38 }

Parent and child with different code

If we want a parent and a child to execute different code and share a resource, for example a server that send information to a client.

Three files:

start.c - forks and starts the server code as parent and the client code as child.
server.c"' - contains the server code
client.c - contains the client code

start.c

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <unistd.h>
 3 #include <sys/types.h>
 4 
 5 int main()
 6 {
 7         int arr[2];
 8         char argv[50];
 9         pipe(arr);
10         printf("Hello world\n");
11         if(fork())
12         {
13                 printf("Starting server as parent - my PID is %d\n", getpid());
14                 fflush(stdout);
15                 close(arr[0]);
16                 sprintf(argv,"%d",arr[1]);
17                 execlp("./server","server",argv,NULL);
18         }
19         else
20         {
21                 printf("Starting client as child  - my PID is %d\n", getpid());
22                 fflush(stdout);
23                 close(arr[1]);
24                 sprintf(argv,"%d",arr[0]);
25                 execlp("./client","client",argv,NULL);
26         }
27         return 1;
28 }

server.c

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <sys/types.h>
 3 #include <unistd.h>
 4 #include <stdlib.h>
 5 #include <string.h>
 6 
 7 int main(int argc,char *argv[])
 8 {
 9         char buf[40]="hello";
10         int fd,i=0;
11 
12         fd = atoi(argv[1]);
13         printf("Server started my PID is %d\n", getpid());
14         while(i < 5)
15         {
16                 i++;
17                 sprintf(buf,"hello: %d",i);
18                 write(fd,buf,strlen(buf)+1);
19                 sleep(1);
20         }
21         buf[0] == 0;
22         write(fd,buf,1);
23         puts("Server signing out");
24 
25         return 0;
26 }

client.c

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <unistd.h>
 3 #include <sys/types.h>
 4 #include <stdlib.h>
 5 
 6 int main(int argc,char *argv[])
 7 {
 8         char buf[11];
 9         int fd;
10 
11         printf("Client started my PID is %d\n", getpid());
12         fd = atoi(argv[1]);
13         while(read(fd,buf,10) > 0)
14         {
15                 printf("Client received: %s\n",buf);
16         }
17         printf("Client signing out");
18         return 0;
19 }

Links

good article from devarea.com

@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 </source>
 =Parent and child with different code=
+<onlyinclude>
 If we want a parent and a child to execute different code and share a resource, for example a server that send information to a client.
@@ Line 159: / Line 160: @@
 }
 </source>
+</onlyinclude>
 =Links=
 *[https://devarea.com/linux-fork-system-call-and-its-pitfalls/#.Y5v3THbMJPY good article from devarea.com]
 [[Category:Linux]][[Category:C]]

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