IPsec Cisco IOS

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IPsec muligheder

  • IPsec—Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a suite of protocols that can provide data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication to IP packets.
  • Internet Key Exchange (IKE)—A framework used to exchange security parameters and authentication keys between IPsec endpoints.
  • Encryption Algorithms—Mathematical algorithms (and the associated keys) used to make data unreadable to everyone except those who have the proper keying material.
  • Public Key Infrastructure—A hierarchical framework for managing the security attributes for devices that engage in secure communications across a network.

IPsec protokoller

IPsec consists of three primary protocols to help implement the overall IPsec architecture:

  • Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
  • Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
  • Authentication Header (AH)

Together, these three protocols offer the various IPsec features mentioned earlier. Every IPsec VPN uses some combination of these protocols to provide the desired features for the VPN.

IKE

Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is a framework for the negotiation and exchange of security parameters and authentication keys. The IPsec security parameters will be examined later in the “Internet Key Exchange (IKE)” section. For now, it is important to understand that there are a variety of possible options between two IPsec VPN endpoints. The secure negotiation of these parameters used to establish the IPsec VPN characteristics is performed by IKE. IKE also exchanges keys used for the symmetrical encryption algorithms within an IPsec VPN. Compared to other encryption algorithms, symmetrical algorithms tend to be more efficient and easier to implement in hardware. The use of such algorithms requires appropriate key material, and IKE provides the mechanism to exchange the keys.

ESP

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) provides the framework for the data confidentiality, data integrity, data origin authentication, and optional anti-replay features of IPsec. While ESP is the only IPsec protocol that provides data encryption, it also can provide all of the IPsec features mentioned earlier. Because of this, ESP is primarily used in IPsec VPNs today. The following encryption methods are available to IPsec ESP:

  • Data Encryption Standard (DES)—An older method of encrypting information that has enjoyed widespread use.
  • Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)—A block cipher that uses DES three times.
  • Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)—One of the most popular symmetric key algorithms used today.

AH

Authentication Header (AH) provides the framework for the data integrity, data origin authentication, and optional anti-replay features of IPsec. Note that data confidentiality is not provided by AH. AH ensures that the data has not been modified or tampered with, but does not hide the data from inquisitive eyes during transit. As such, the use of AH alone in today’s networks has faded in favor of ESP. Both AH and ESP use a Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) as the authentication and integrity check. Table below shows the HMAC hash algorithms in IPsec.

Hash algorithms
Hash Algorithm input Output User by IPsec
Message Digest 5(MD5) Variable 128 bits 128 bits
Secure hash Algorithm (SHA-1) Variable 160 bits First 96 bits

Both MD5 and SHA-1 use a shared secret key for both the calculation and verification of the message authentication values. The cryptographic strength of the HMAC is dependent upon the properties of the underlying hash function. Both MD5 and SHA-1 take variable-length input data and create a fixed-length hash. The difference is the size and strength of the hash created. Although IPsec uses only the first 96 bits of the 160-bit SHA-1 hash, it is considered more secure than MD5 (although SHA-1 is computationally slower than MD5).

IPsec operation

  1. Interesting traffic discovered (ACL list)
  2. IKE phase 1 (Security negotiation and establish secure communication channel)
  3. IKE phase 2 (Establishing the tunnel negotiate IPsec transform set and establish and maintain tunnel)
  4. Secure data transfer (IKE phase 2 renegoitiate keys at intervals)
  5. Tunnel termination

IPsec Site-to-Site configuration steps

  • 1:Configure ISAKMP policy (IKE phase 1)
crypto isakmp policy 10
 authentication pre-share
 encryption aes 256
 hash sha
 group 5
 lifetime 3600
  • 2: Configure the IPsec transform set (IKE phase 2 and tunnel termination)
crypto ipsec transform-set 50 esp-aes 256 esp-sha-hmac ah-sha-hmac
 exit
  • 3: Configure Crypto ACL (Specifying interesting traffic which go through the secure channel)
access-list 101 permit ip 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 172.16.3.0 0.0.0.255
  • 4: Configure the Crypto map (IKE phase 2)
crypto map MYMAP 10 ipsec-isakmp
 match address 101
 set peer 80.1.2.3
 set transform-set 50
 set security-association lifetime seconds 900
  • 5: Apply the crypto map to the interface (IKE phase 2)
interface fastethernet0/0
 ip address 90.2.3.4 255.255.255.0
 crypto map MYMAP
  • 6: Configure the interface ACL. Permit IPsec to go through (Not necessary if everything open).
access-list 110 permit ahp host 80.1.2.3 host 90.2.3.4
access-list 110 permit esp host 80.1.2.3 host 90.2.3.4
access-list 110 permit udp host 80.1.2.3 host 90.2.3.4 eq isakmp
!
interface fastethernet0/0
 ip access-group 110 in

IPsec modes

IPsec modes

Eksempler

Site-to-Site VPN

Before configuring IPsec make sure you can ping between the Routers.You must be able to ping the two endpoints of the tunnel. In the example below R1 endpoint is 192.168.100.103 on fastethernet 0/0 and R2 endpoint is 192.168.100.104 on fastethernet 0/0. The configuration Tunnels all trafic between 172.16.1.0/24 on R1 and 172.16.3.0/24 on R2.

Picture 1: Site-to-Site IPsec VPN

R1 config

hostname R1
!
interface loopback 0
 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
router rip
 version 2
 network 172.16.1.0
!
crypto isakmp enable
!
crypto isakmp policy 10
 authentication pre-share
 encryption aes 256
 hash sha
 group 5
 lifetime 3600
!
crypto isakmp key cisco address 192.168.100.104
!
crypto ipsec transform-set 50 esp-aes 256 esp-sha-hmac ah-sha-hmac
 exit
!
crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 1800
!
access-list 101 permit ip 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 172.16.3.0 0.0.0.255
!
crypto map MYMAP 10 ipsec-isakmp
 match address 101
 set peer 192.168.100.104
 set pfs group5
 set transform-set 50
 set security-association lifetime seconds 900
!
interface fastethernet0/0
 ip address 192.168.100.103 255.255.255.0
 crypto map MYMAP

R2 Config

hostname R2
!
interface loopback 0
 ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
!
router rip
 version 2
 network 172.16.3.0
 network 192.168.100.0
!
crypto isakmp enable
!
crypto isakmp policy 10
 authentication pre-share
 encryption aes 256
 hash sha
 group 5
 lifetime 3600
!
crypto isakmp key cisco address 192.168.100.103
!
crypto ipsec transform-set 50 esp-aes 256 esp-sha-hmac ah-sha-hmac
 exit
!
crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 1800
!
access-list 101 permit ip 172.16.3.0 0.0.0.255 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255
!
crypto map MYMAP 10 ipsec-isakmp
 match address 101
 set peer 192.168.100.103
 set pfs group5
 set transform-set 50
 set security-association lifetime seconds 900
!
interface fastethernet0/0
 ip address 192.168.100.104 255.255.255.0
 crypto map MYMAP

checking tunnel

R1#<input>show crypto isakmp policy</input>
Global IKE policy
Protection suite of priority 10
        encryption algorithm:   AES - Advanced Encryption Standard (256 bit keys).
        hash algorithm:         Secure Hash Standard
        authentication method:  Pre-Shared Key
        Diffie-Hellman group:   #5 (1536 bit)
        lifetime:               3600 seconds, no volume limit
Default protection suite
        encryption algorithm:   DES - Data Encryption Standard (56 bit keys).
        hash algorithm:         Secure Hash Standard
        authentication method:  Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Signature
        Diffie-Hellman group:   #1 (768 bit)
        lifetime:               86400 seconds, no volume limit
R1#<input>show crypto ipsec transform-set</input>
Transform set 50: { ah-sha-hmac  }
   will negotiate = { Tunnel,  },
   { esp-256-aes esp-sha-hmac  }
   will negotiate = { Tunnel,  },
R1#show crypto map
Crypto Map "MYMAP" 10 ipsec-isakmp
        Peer = 192.168.100.104
        Extended IP access list 101
            access-list 101 permit ip 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 172.16.3.0 0.0.0.255
        Current peer: 192.168.100.104
        Security association lifetime: 4608000 kilobytes/900 seconds
        PFS (Y/N): Y
        DH group:  group5
        Transform sets={
                50,
        }
        Interfaces using crypto map MYMAP:
                FastEthernet0/0

Sending some test packets from 172.16.1.1 to 172.16.3.1 

C1#<input>ping 172.16.3.1 source 172.16.1.1</input>
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.3.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 172.16.1.1
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms
C1#<input>show crypto ipsec sa</input>

interface: FastEthernet0/0.1
    Crypto map tag: MYMAP, local addr 192.168.100.103

   protected vrf: (none)
   local  ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (172.16.1.0/255.255.255.0/0/0)
   remote ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (172.16.3.0/255.255.255.0/0/0)
   current_peer 192.168.100.104 port 500
     PERMIT, flags={origin_is_acl,ipsec_sa_request_sent}
    <notice>#pkts encaps: 4, #pkts encrypt: 4, #pkts digest: 4
    #pkts decaps: 4, #pkts decrypt: 4, #pkts verify: 4</notice>
    #pkts compressed: 0, #pkts decompressed: 0
    #pkts not compressed: 0, #pkts compr. failed: 0
    #pkts not decompressed: 0, #pkts decompress failed: 0
    #send errors 1, #recv errors 0

     local crypto endpt.: 192.168.100.103, remote crypto endpt.: 192.168.100.104
     path mtu 1500, ip mtu 1500, ip mtu idb FastEthernet0/0.1
     current outbound spi: 0x521B43F6(1377518582)

     inbound esp sas:
      spi: 0x92A7A6F8(2460460792)
        transform: esp-256-aes esp-sha-hmac ,
        in use settings ={Tunnel, }
        conn id: 2001, flow_id: FPGA:1, crypto map: MYMAP
        sa timing: remaining key lifetime (k/sec): (4400183/893)
        IV size: 16 bytes
        replay detection support: Y
        <notice>Status: ACTIVE</notice>

     inbound ah sas:
      spi: 0xFE07354B(4261885259)
        transform: ah-sha-hmac ,
        in use settings ={Tunnel, }
        conn id: 2001, flow_id: FPGA:1, crypto map: MYMAP
        sa timing: remaining key lifetime (k/sec): (4400183/887)
        replay detection support: Y
        <notice>Status: ACTIVE</notice>

     inbound pcp sas:

     outbound esp sas:
      spi: 0x521B43F6(1377518582)
        transform: esp-256-aes esp-sha-hmac ,
        in use settings ={Tunnel, }
        conn id: 2002, flow_id: FPGA:2, crypto map: MYMAP
        sa timing: remaining key lifetime (k/sec): (4400183/887)
        IV size: 16 bytes
        replay detection support: Y
        <notice>Status: ACTIVE</notice>

     outbound ah sas:
      spi: 0xB6D629E1(3067488737)
        transform: ah-sha-hmac ,
        in use settings ={Tunnel, }
        conn id: 2002, flow_id: FPGA:2, crypto map: MYMAP
        sa timing: remaining key lifetime (k/sec): (4400183/886)
        replay detection support: Y
        <notice>Status: ACTIVE</notice>

     outbound pcp sas:
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