Pederrs CCNP 1

Module 1: Scalable Network Design

Forkortelser:

ECNM = Enterprise Composite Network Model

NAC = Network Access Control (NAC) and

IBNS = Identity Based Network Services (IBNS)

Module 2: EIGRP

Forkortelser:

DUAL = Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

PDM = Protocol-dependent modules (PDMs) are responsible for network layer protocol-specific requirements. EIGRP supports IP,AppleTalk, and Novell NetWare. Each protocol has its own EIGRP module and operates independently from any of the others that may be running.

RTP = RTP is responsible for guaranteed ordered delivery and reception of EIGRP packets to all neighbors. RTP supports intermixed transmission of multicast and unicast packets. For efficiency, only certain EIGRP packets are transmitted reliably.

SRTT = (smoothed round-trip time): Average number of milliseconds it takes for an EIGRP packet to be sent to this neighbor and for the local router to receive an acknowledgment of that packet. This timer determines the retransmit interval, also known as the retransmission timeout (RTO).

RTO = (retransmission timeout): Amount of time, in milliseconds, that the router waits for an acknowledgment before retransmitting a reliable packet from the retransmission queue to a neighbor. If an EIGRP update, query, or reply is sent, a copy of the packet is queued. If the RTO expires before an acknowledgment is received, another copy of the queued packet is sent.

SIA = stuck in active (SIA)

LSDB = link-state database (LSDB)

SPF = Shortest Path First (SPF)

Module 3: OSPF

Teori

3.1.3 Link State Data Structures

3.1.6 Types of OSPF Routers

The four different types of OSPF routers are:

• Internal routers: Routers that have all their interfaces in the same area and have identical LSDBs.
• Backbone routers: Routers that sit on the perimeter of the backbone area and have at least one interface connected to area 0. Backbone routers maintain OSPF routing information using the same procedures and algorithms as internal routers.
• Area border routers: Routers that have interfaces attached to multiple areas, maintain separate LSDBs for each area to which they connect, and route traffic destined to or arriving from other areas. Area border routers (ABRs) are exit points for the area, which means that routing information destined for another area can get there only via the ABR of the local area. ABRs can be configured to summarize the routing information from the LSDBs of their attached areas. ABRs distribute the routing information into the backbone. The backbone routers then forward the information to the other ABRs. In a multiarea network, an area can have one or more ABRs.
• Autonomous System Boundary Routers: Routers that have at least one interface attached to an external internetwork (another autonomous system), such as a non-OSPF network. Autonomous system boundary routers (ASBRs) can import non-OSPF network information to the OSPF network and vice versa; this process is called route redistribution.

3.1.9 Link-State Data Structures

When each router receives the LSU, it does the following:

• If the LSA does not already exist, the router adds the entry to its LSDB, sends a link-state acknowledgment (LSAck) back, floods the information to other routers, runs SPF, and updates its routing table.
• If the entry already exists and the received LSA has the same sequence number, the router ignores the LSA entry.
• If the entry already exists but the LSA includes newer information (it has a higher sequence number), the router adds the entry to its LSDB, sends an LSAck back, floods the information to other routers, runs SPF, and updates its routing table.
• If the entry already exists but the LSA includes older information, it sends an LSU to the sender with its newer information

3.2.1 OSPF Packet Types

The OSPF protocol exchanges five packet types:

• Hello
• Database description (DBD)
• Link-state request (LSR)
• Link-state update (LSU)
• Link-state acknowledgement (LSAck)

3.2.2 OSPF Packet Header Format

All five OSPF packets are encapsulated directly into an IP payload, as shown in Figure . The OSPF packet does not use TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). OSPF requires a reliable packet transport scheme. Since TCP is not used, it has defined its own acknowledgment routine that uses an acknowledgment packet (OSPF packet type 5).

In the IP header, a protocol identifier of 89 defines all OSPF packets. Each of the OSPF packets begins with the same header format. This header has the following fields:

• Version number: For OSPF version 2 or 3
• Type: Differentiates the five OSPF packet types
• Packet length: Length of packet in bytes
• Router ID: Defines which router is the source of the packet
• Area ID: Defines the area where the packet originated
• Checksum: Used for packet-header error detection to ensure that the OSPF packet was not corrupted during transmission
• Authentication type: An option that specifies either no authentication, clear-text passwords, or encrypted Message Digest 5 (MD5) formats for router authentication
• Authentication: Used in the authentication scheme
• Data (for hello packet): Includes a list of known neighborsData (for DBD packet): Contains a summary of LSDB, which includes all known router *IDs and their last sequence number, among a number of other fields
• Data (for LSR packet): Contains the type of LSU needed and the router ID that has the needed LSU
• Data (for LSU packet): Contains the full LSA entries; multiple LSA entries can fit in one OSPF update packet
• Data (for LSAck packet): Is empty

3.3.4 Configuring a Router ID

Verifying the OSPF Operation

3.6.3 OSPF LSA Types (cont.)

Type 1 Every router generates router link advertisements for each area to which it belongs. A type 1 LSA describes the collective states of the directly connected links (interfaces) of the router. These LSAs are flooded only within the area in which they are originated.

Type 2 A type 2 LSA is generated for every transit broadcast and NBMA network within an area. A transit network has at least two directly attached OSPF routers. Ethernet is an example of a transit network.

The DR of the network is responsible for advertising the network LSA. A type 2 network LSA lists each of the attached routers that make up the transit network, including the DR itself, as well as the subnet mask used on the link. The type 2 LSA then floods to all routers within the transit network area. Type 2 LSAs never cross an area boundary. The link-state ID for a network LSA is the IP interface address of the DR that advertises it.

Type 3 The ABR sends type 3 summary LSAs. Type 3 LSAs advertise any networks owned by an area to the rest of the areas in the OSPF autonomous system, as shown in Figure .

The link-state ID is set to the network number; the mask is also advertised.

By default, OSPF does not automatically summarize groups of contiguous subnets or summarize a network to its classful boundary. The network operator uses configuration commands to specify how the summarization occurs. By default, a type 3 LSA is advertised into the backbone area for every subnet defined in the originating area, which can cause significant flooding problems. Consequently, you should always consider using manual route summarization at the ABR.

Summary LSAs are flooded throughout a single area only, but are regenerated by ABRs to flood into other areas.

Note By default, summary LSAs do not contain summarized routes.

Type 4 A type 4 summary LSA is generated by an ABR only when an ASBR exists within an area. A type 4 LSA identifies the ASBR and provides a route to it. The link-state ID is set to the ASBR router ID. All traffic destined to an external autonomous system requires routing table knowledge of the ASBR that originated the external routes.

In Figure , the ASBR sends a type 1 router LSA with an external bit (e bit) that is set to identify itself as an ASBR. When the ABR, which is identified with a border bit (b bit) in the router LSA, receives the type 1 LSA, it builds a type 4 LSA and floods it to the backbone (area 0). Subsequent ABRs regenerate a type 4 LSA to flood into their areas.

Type 5 Type 5 external LSAs describe routes to networks outside the OSPF autonomous system. Type 5 LSAs are originated by the ASBR and are flooded to the entire autonomous system.

The link-state ID is the external network number. Because of the flooding scope, and depending on the number of external networks, the default lack of route summarization can be a major issue with external LSAs. Therefore, you should summarize blocks of external network numbers at the ASBR to reduce flooding problems.

Type 6 Type 6 LSAs are specialized LSAs that are used in multicast OSPF applications.

Type 7 Type 7 is an LSA type that is used in not-so-stubby areas (NSSAs). They are originated by ASBRs within NSSAs and are flooded only within the NSSA in which they originated.

Type 8 Type 8 is a specialized LSA that is used in internetworking OSPF and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

Types 9, 10, and 11 The opaque LSAs, types 9, 10, and 11, are designated for future upgrades to OSPF for application-specific purposes. For example, Cisco Systems uses opaque LSAs for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) with OSPF. Opaque LSAs are distributed using standard LSDB flooding mechanisms. Each type has a different flooding scope.

Module 4: Integrated IS-IS

Forkortelser

MPLS/TE = Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering (MPLS/TE).

IGP = interior gateway protocol (IGP)

CLNS = Connectionless Network Service (CLNS)

CLNP = Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP)

LSP = link-state packet (LSP)

PDU = protocol data unit (PDU)

IS = Intermediate System

ES = end system (ES)

ES-IS = End System-to-Intermediate System (ES-IS)

ESH = End System Hello (ESH)

ISH = Intermediate System Hello (ISH)

IIH = IS-IS Hello (IIH)

DIS = designated IS router (DIS)

NSAP = network service access points (NSAP)

NSEL = NSAP selector (NSEL)

IDP = initial domain part (IDP)

AFI = authority and format identifier (AFI)

IDI = initial domain identifier (IDI)

DSP = domain specific part (DSP)

HO-DSP = high-order DSP (HO-DSP)

SNPA = subnetwork point of attachment (SNPA)

CLV = Code, Length, Value (CLV)

SNP = Sequence number PDU (SNP)

PRC = partial route calculation (PRC)

Example of a net address:

For example, you might assign 49.0001.0000.0c12.3456.00, which represents the following:

AFI of 49 Area ID of 0001 System ID of 0000.0c12.3456, the MAC address of a LAN interface NSEL of 0

Module 5: Route Optimization

Forkortelser

PBR = Policy-based routing (PBR)

Module 6: BGP

Forkortelser

Protocols that run inside an enterprise are called interior gateway protocols (IGPs). Examples of IGPs include RIP versions 1 and 2, EIGRP, and OSPF.

Protocols that run outside an enterprise, or between autonomous systems, are called exterior gateway protocols (EGPs). Typically, EGPs are used to exchange routing information between Internet Service Providers (ISPs).

IGP: Exchanges routing information within an autonomous system. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and EIGRP are IGPs.

EGP: Exchanges routing information between different autonomous systems. BGP is an EGP.

IDRP = BGP is an interdomain routing protocol (IDRP), also known as an EGP.

EBGP = When BGP is running between routers in different autonomous systems, it is called External BGP (EBGP).

IBGP = When BGP is running between routers in the same autonomous system, it is called Internal BGP (IBGP).

RIR = Regional Internet Registry (RIR)

FSM = finite-state machine (FSM)

Module 7: IP Multicasting

Forkortelser

VoD = video on demand [VoD] UDP = User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Locally scoped (reserved link local) addresses Reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for network protocol use. Address range is from 224.0.0.0 through 224.0.0.255. Multicasts in this range are never forwarded off the local network, regardless of Time to Live (TTL). Usually, the TTL is set to 1.

Globally scoped addresses Allocated dynamically throughout the Internet. Address range is from 224.0.1.0 through 238.255.255.255. The 224.2.X.X range is used in Multicast Backbone (Mbone) applications. Established by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to multicast audio and video meetings, Mbone is a collection of Internet routers that support IP multicasting on which various public and private audio and video programs are sent.

Limited (administratively) scoped addresses Reserved for use inside private domains. Similar to the private IP address space that is used within the boundaries of a single organization, limited or administratively scoped addresses are constrained to a local group or organization. Address range is from 239.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255. Organizations can use limited scope addresses to have local multicast applications that will not be forwarded over the Internet.

SDP = Session Description Protocol (SDP) SAP = Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) SDR = Both the sd application and SDP are sometimes called SDR or sdr. In Cisco documentation, SDP/SAP is referred to as sdr. SIP = Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) RTSP = Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) IGMP = Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) CGMP = Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) ASIC = application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) CAM = content-addressable memory (CAM) SPT = shortest path tree (SPT) RP = rendezvous point (RP) PIM = Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) RPF = Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) SSM = Source Specific Multicast (SSM) MSDP = Multicast Source Discovery Protocol [MSDP] OIL = outgoing interface list (OIL) DVMRP = Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)