Pederrs CCNP 1

Module 1: Scalable Network Design

Forkortelser:

ECNM = Enterprise Composite Network Model

NAC = Network Access Control (NAC) and

IBNS = Identity Based Network Services (IBNS)

Module 2: EIGRP

Forkortelser:

DUAL = Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

PDM = Protocol-dependent modules (PDMs) are responsible for network layer protocol-specific requirements. EIGRP supports IP,AppleTalk, and Novell NetWare. Each protocol has its own EIGRP module and operates independently from any of the others that may be running.

RTP = RTP is responsible for guaranteed ordered delivery and reception of EIGRP packets to all neighbors. RTP supports intermixed transmission of multicast and unicast packets. For efficiency, only certain EIGRP packets are transmitted reliably.

SRTT = (smoothed round-trip time): Average number of milliseconds it takes for an EIGRP packet to be sent to this neighbor and for the local router to receive an acknowledgment of that packet. This timer determines the retransmit interval, also known as the retransmission timeout (RTO).

RTO = (retransmission timeout): Amount of time, in milliseconds, that the router waits for an acknowledgment before retransmitting a reliable packet from the retransmission queue to a neighbor. If an EIGRP update, query, or reply is sent, a copy of the packet is queued. If the RTO expires before an acknowledgment is received, another copy of the queued packet is sent.

SIA = stuck in active (SIA)

LSDB = link-state database (LSDB)

SPF = Shortest Path First (SPF)

Module 3: OSPF

Teori

3.1.3 Link State Data Structures

3.1.6 Types of OSPF Routers

The four different types of OSPF routers are:

• Internal routers: Routers that have all their interfaces in the same area and have identical LSDBs.
• Backbone routers: Routers that sit on the perimeter of the backbone area and have at least one interface connected to area 0. Backbone routers maintain OSPF routing information using the same procedures and algorithms as internal routers.
• Area border routers: Routers that have interfaces attached to multiple areas, maintain separate LSDBs for each area to which they connect, and route traffic destined to or arriving from other areas. Area border routers (ABRs) are exit points for the area, which means that routing information destined for another area can get there only via the ABR of the local area. ABRs can be configured to summarize the routing information from the LSDBs of their attached areas. ABRs distribute the routing information into the backbone. The backbone routers then forward the information to the other ABRs. In a multiarea network, an area can have one or more ABRs.
• Autonomous System Boundary Routers: Routers that have at least one interface attached to an external internetwork (another autonomous system), such as a non-OSPF network. Autonomous system boundary routers (ASBRs) can import non-OSPF network information to the OSPF network and vice versa; this process is called route redistribution.

3.1.9 Link-State Data Structures

When each router receives the LSU, it does the following:

• If the LSA does not already exist, the router adds the entry to its LSDB, sends a link-state acknowledgment (LSAck) back, floods the information to other routers, runs SPF, and updates its routing table.
• If the entry already exists and the received LSA has the same sequence number, the router ignores the LSA entry.
• If the entry already exists but the LSA includes newer information (it has a higher sequence number), the router adds the entry to its LSDB, sends an LSAck back, floods the information to other routers, runs SPF, and updates its routing table.
• If the entry already exists but the LSA includes older information, it sends an LSU to the sender with its newer information

3.2.1 OSPF Packet Types

The OSPF protocol exchanges five packet types:

• Hello
• Database description (DBD)
• Link-state request (LSR)
• Link-state update (LSU)
• Link-state acknowledgement (LSAck)

3.2.2 OSPF Packet Header Format

All five OSPF packets are encapsulated directly into an IP payload, as shown in Figure . The OSPF packet does not use TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). OSPF requires a reliable packet transport scheme. Since TCP is not used, it has defined its own acknowledgment routine that uses an acknowledgment packet (OSPF packet type 5).

In the IP header, a protocol identifier of 89 defines all OSPF packets. Each of the OSPF packets begins with the same header format. This header has the following fields:

• Version number: For OSPF version 2 or 3
• Type: Differentiates the five OSPF packet types
• Packet length: Length of packet in bytes
• Router ID: Defines which router is the source of the packet
• Area ID: Defines the area where the packet originated
• Checksum: Used for packet-header error detection to ensure that the OSPF packet was not corrupted during transmission
• Authentication type: An option that specifies either no authentication, clear-text passwords, or encrypted Message Digest 5 (MD5) formats for router authentication
• Authentication: Used in the authentication scheme
• Data (for hello packet): Includes a list of known neighborsData (for DBD packet): Contains a summary of LSDB, which includes all known router *IDs and their last sequence number, among a number of other fields
• Data (for LSR packet): Contains the type of LSU needed and the router ID that has the needed LSU
• Data (for LSU packet): Contains the full LSA entries; multiple LSA entries can fit in one OSPF update packet
• Data (for LSAck packet): Is empty